Algae Temperature Tolerance¶
Setup¶
Analysis and visualization was done using R and various packages.
library(tidyverse)
library(ggplot2)
library(cowplot)
options(repr.plot.width=10, repr.plot.height=6,warn=-1)
Reading and Wrangling Data¶
The entire dataset [Bennett et al., 2018] is found at "data/GlobalTherm_upload_02_11_17.csv".
global_term_data <- read_csv("data/GlobalTherm_upload_02_11_17.csv") %>%
select(Genus, Species, N, Tmax, lat_max, long_max, tmin)
head(global_term_data)
| Genus | Species | N | Tmax | lat_max | long_max | tmin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prochilodus | scrofa | 10 | 35.7 | -22.0 | -43.50 | 8.23 |
| Lepomis | gibbosus | 24 | 35.1 | 46.2 | -119.00 | 1.70 |
| Cyprinodon | variegatus | 100 | 44.2 | 26.0 | -97.15 | 6.90 |
| Oncorhynchus | keta | NA | 23.2 | 52.0 | -128.90 | -0.70 |
| Oncorhynchus | nerka | NA | 21.5 | 52.0 | -128.90 | -0.70 |
| Oncorhynchus | kisutch | 60 | 27.5 | 49.4 | -123.40 | 0.00 |
Let’s load in the ocean temp data as well. We will need to see for what range of latitude and longitude we will need to filter for. This data was processed and created in the Ocean Temperature Data Exploring chapter.
temperature_data <- read_csv("data/nav_temp_joined_processed.csv") %>%
select(-datetime)
temperature_data %>%
summary()
mean_ext mean_deg_lat mean_deg_long
Min. : 9.618 Min. :31.54 Min. :117.2
1st Qu.:13.096 1st Qu.:33.74 1st Qu.:120.6
Median :14.771 Median :37.83 Median :123.4
Mean :15.165 Mean :39.41 Mean :123.1
3rd Qu.:16.586 3rd Qu.:45.25 3rd Qu.:125.0
Max. :24.086 Max. :52.64 Max. :130.8
If we round the latitude & longitude by round_down_min - 1, and round_up_max + 1:
The range for latitude can be summarized as 30 ~ 54.
The range for longitude can be summarized as 116 ~ 132.
Then, we can ask for all of the unique genus found within this range.
filter(global_term_data, between(lat_max, 30, 54), between(long_max, 116, 132)) %>%
distinct(Genus)
| Genus |
|---|
| Plestiodon |
| Sphenomorphus |
| Eremias |
| Takydromus |
| Apodemus |
| Myodes |
| Cricetulus |
| Meriones |
Unfortunately, the list of genus does not contain any algae.
By expanding the range, however…
filter(global_term_data, between(lat_max, 20, 60), between(long_max, 120, 140)) %>%
distinct(Genus)
| Genus |
|---|
| Engraulis |
| Sardinops |
| Acridotheres |
| Pycnonotus |
| Chondracanthus |
| Paratrechina |
| Pheidole |
| Pristomyrmex |
| Technomyrmex |
| Tetramorium |
| Drosophila |
| Scaptodrosophila |
| Plestiodon |
| Takydromus |
| Sphenomorphus |
| Protobothrops |
| Trimeresurus |
| Apodemus |
| Myodes |
| myagropsis |
| Sargassum |
We gain these three algae genuses.
algae_west_coast <- filter(global_term_data,
Genus %in% c("Sargassum", "myagropsis", "Chondracanthus"),
long_max > 0) %>%
select(Genus, Species, Tmax)
algae_west_coast
| Genus | Species | Tmax |
|---|---|---|
| Chondracanthus | intermedius | 31.3 |
| myagropsis | Myagroides | 30.0 |
| Sargassum | fulvellum | 30.0 |
| Sargassum | hemiphyllum | 27.0 |
| Sargassum | horneri | 27.0 |
| Sargassum | macrocarpum | 31.0 |
| Sargassum | micracanthum | 27.0 |
| Sargassum | patens | 31.0 |
| Sargassum | piluliferum | 30.0 |
| Sargassum | thunbergii | 31.0 |
With a quick glance at this table, we can see that the max mean of min temperature during the heatwave (24°C) never exceeded the max temperatures of these species.
Other Studies of Algae Species near BC and the Pacific Coast¶
Sargassum horneri¶
To further support Sargassum horneri’s temperature tolerance, a more recent study by Small and Edwards [2021] found that total mortality ranges around 28–30°C, with 15–20°C to be the optimal temperature range for germling development (germling development maxing out around 25°C).
Dinoflagellates of genus Alexandrium in the Salish Sea¶
Also known as A. tamarense or A. fundyense or A. catenella.
In a study by Bill et al. [2016], they referenced Noris and Chew’s work in 1975 about how “optimal temperature and salinity ranges for growth were between 13°C and 17°C temperature and 15–40 salinity”. The researchers have also found that “growth of both isolates was inhibited at temperatures below ~7.7°C and above ~24°C” where being above ~24°C resulted in “growth rates dropped abruptly to near zero” in some strains.
Phaeodactylum tricornutum¶
Another study, conducted by Kräbs and Büchel [2011], focused on the eco-physiology of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and looked at it’s three strains isolated in Vancouver (NE Pacific Ocean), Plymouth (NE Atlantic Ocean) and Guam (tropical western Pacific Ocean).
“The Vancouver and Plymouth strains are from cold-temperate conditions where water-temperature is between 10°C and in winter and 15°C in the summer” (p. 232). “Cultures of each strain were exposed to a combination of temperatures ranging from 12°C to 30°C.”
At 24°C, the Vancouver strain started to see some vitality declines, with 30°C straining it to it’s limits while the other strains tolerated, albeit not ideal conditions (p. 234-235).
Calliarthron tuberculosum & Corallina vancouveriensis¶
This study by Guenther and Martone [2014] looked at aerial exposure during low tide in tidepools, and the warming of water during which the coralline algae (Calliarthron tuberculosum & Corallina vancouveriensis) would be submerged/exposed and found that:
Aerial Exposure |
Warming Tidepool Water (submerged) |
|---|---|
Calliarthron is extremely sensitive |
Calliarthron is stressed |
Corallina is somewhat stressed |
Corallina is not stressed |
but they have also pointed out that:
“Neither Corallina nor Calliarthron recovered photosynthesis after emersion as rapidly as other intertidal algae, such as Mastocarpus papillatus, Endocladia muricata, Fucus serratus, and Fucus spiralis”.
Species |
Photosynthetic rate (12°C) |
Photosynthetic rate (20°C) |
|---|---|---|
Calliarthron |
1.40 ± 0.29 |
1.13 ± 0.18 |
Corallina |
1.77 ± 0.12 |
1.93 ± 0.07 |
Extra: Temperature Tolerance Studies on Predators¶
Attention
This section is a work in progress.
Potential predators and their tolerance for ocean temperatures.
Nucella lamellosa
Littorina scutulata
Littorina sitkana
Balanus glandula